Superstorm Sandy

Superstorm Sandy was formed in the Caribbean Sea on October 22, 2012. It was first formed as a Category 1 hurricane that made its first landfall in Kingston, Jamaica.Then it went on and gained force and hit Cuba and Haiti as a Category 2 hurricane. After it traveled along the east coast of the United States where it made its first landfall in Atlantic City, NJ. Right before it hit New Jersey the  hurricane weakened and became a post-tropical storm. It was still very strong when it hit the New Jersey and New York Area. Both states including a few more were under states of emergency. All forms of public transportations were suspended during the hurricane. During the hurricane there was a lot of help for victims of the storm, such as The Red Cross which was providing shelter for over 9,000 people. The estimated value of damage was 36.8 billion dollars. There was over 100 deaths 43 in New York and 37 in New Jersey. There was also a 5 billion dollar damage to the New York subway system. Over  100 miles of beaches were destroyed and eroded. 7.9 million businesses and homes were powerless because of the storm. The storm broke three record, the first being the highest wave measure in the New York Harbor which was 32.5 feet. The second record was the lowest barometric reading to ever be recorded in and Atlantic storm in Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The last, the highest storm surge ever in Battery Park was recorded at 13.88 feet. There is still areas that are recovering from Superstorm Sandy such as coastlines.

2003 European Heat Wave

The 2003 European Heat Wave was one of the most deadliest and hottest summers to ever be recorded in Europe in over 400 years! The Heat Wave lasted from about June 2003 till August 2003. Just imagine the minor heat waves that we experience here in Jersey for only about to five days, compared to the this heat wave which lasted nearly over two months. So much problems came to be during this time period. Difficulty breathing was especially one of the biggest concerns. Stepping outside and just not being able to walk down the street is nerve wrecking. It was such a difficult period to be living in Europe throughout that time. Nearly over 35,000 deaths occurred. Can you imagine how much that is? Just due to a heat wave! A heat wave is known to be one of the most lethal weathers. Being able to do outdoor activities was impossible. People everywhere were doing everything to stay cool and not let it affect them. Europe throughout the time had weather reaching hundred degrees fahrenheit or even more! Due to so much energy and heat beaming towards to the earth and the heat wave just getting stronger each day rather then weak, caused so much problems. Agriculture was tremendously affected. Many of the crops that was being planted or grown died out. Due to the heat, crops need a specific type of weather for it to be grown. With the heat wave, it did not allow for plants to even start growing. Without crops, a whole lot of food was not able to exported or even given out to certain markets, which had a huge effect on the economy. Another huge concern was that respiratory problems developed throughout that time or even a little after it. Many forest fires developed as well. Forrest fires were growing rapidly due to so much heat around. The cost of the heat wave resulted in over eleven billion dollars of revenue and healthcare. 2003 European Heat Wave is something that no one will ever want to go back and relive, it was such a devastating time for all of Europe.  

Lord Rayleigh

Lord Rayleigh also known as John William Strutt, was one of the most famous scientist that came from England. He was born on November 12, 1842 in England. While growing up he had bad health which kept him out of school a lot. He went to Trinity College in Cambridge where he started to read mathematics. At first it wasn't his greatest skill but then improved and his skills let him overthrow his competitions. He won the Nobel Prize after finding the gas Argon. Strutt was a physics teacher and his great achievement was finding out how we project sounds. He wrote a book named "The Theory of Sound", which explained how any types of sounds move place to place. He said that sound waves spread everywhere at a certain speed that go through obstacles such as walls or hill... His theory began to make sense that sound waves start as vibrations that explains the vibrating feeling on our atoms apple. This is my summary on Lord Rayleigh and his theory of sound.

A Warming Planet

Temperature is very important to people; they want to know it so they know how to dress, if they will be able to do an activity outside, or if they will need to turn on the heater or air conditioner at home.  Temperature has become even more important to people as we realize that the Earth is warming faster and faster.

Do some research - and no, Wikipedia can't be your primary source - to determine one of the effects of a warming planet.  What else changes as average temperature rises?  Don't go for the obvious; in fact, you need to read the responses that are submitted before yours, and you can't repeat another person's findings.  (How's that for an inducement to do your homework early?)  

As always, proofread for spelling, punctuation, proper grammar usage, complete sentences, and clarity.  It's acceptable to have someone help you with proofreading!

Luke Howard the Namer of Clouds

Like Howard was a manufacturing chemist and amateur meteorologist. He was  known as the Namer of Clouds or the Father of Meteorology because he kept constant records of the weather. The beginning of the nineteenth century was a time when scientists started classifying and sorting things they observed, studied or discovered. Clouds were thought to be too changeable to categorize. Luke Howard, in a paper titled, "On the Modifications of Clouds," classified clouds based on three simple categories. They were cirrus, cumulus, and stratus. Later, he introduced a new term and combined the names of the basic cloud types. They became four other categories: nimbus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus, and cumulostratus.

 Dust Bowl 1930's (also known as the "Dirty Thirties")

       The Dust Bowl of the 1930's was a decade of devastation. The Dust Bowl was a time were severe dust storms,droughts, floods, tornadoes, and blizzards hit southeastern Colorado, southwest Kansas, and the panhandles of Oklahoma and Texas. The Dust Bowl affected the whole west ward region and later on it came to affect the whole country. The Dust bowl was created by Tons of topsoil being blown off barren fields and carried into storm clouds for hundreds of miles. The Dust Bowl got its name after "Black Sunday" which was a storm cloud traveling at 60 miles per hour that covered eastern Oklahoma, people thought that the world was ending that day. The clouds were able to carry the soil because of the erosion in the soil. Farmers did not take care of their soil well enough so the soil was so weak that when these heavy winds came, it flew right up with them. The Dust Bowl Forced tens of thousands of families to abandon their homes and farms, it left those people in devastation and in ruins. The positive affect that the Dust Bowl brought on today's society was that it taught farmers new farming methods and techniques. The 1930’s fostered a whole new era of soil conservation.

Copernicus's Solar System

           

              Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 and died on May 24, 1543 in Torun, Poland. The reason he died was because he had a stroke. He got or earned his education from the University of Padua from 1501 to 1503. The book he wrote was Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres. Nicolaus parents were Nicolaus Copernicus Sr. and Barbara Watzenrode. Nicolaus proved the geocentric theory wrong which means that, “Earth is the center of the Universe, not the Sun.” So he created his own theory called the heliocentric Theory which means that, “the Sun is the center of our Universe, not the Earth.” The Solar System is where we live at. Our Solar System contains eight planets, really small planet like Pluto, satellites like moon and other things that orbit the sun. The only reason we are living is because of Solar System, if there was no Solar System we would not be living. The sun is a star at the centre of our solar system. It is a huge spinning ball of hot gas that lights up the Earth and provides us with heat. If there was no Sun we will freeze to death.

Success!

Kris and Josh successfully created supercooled water (water that is below freezing but remains liquid); they were able to freeze their supercooled water by tapping it to get the water molecules to line up in an ice matrix.  Check it out!